CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED MIGRATION AND DESTINATION GOVERNANCE: CHALLENGES OF SOCIOECONOMIC INCLUSION AND ADAPTATION POLICIES

REGISTRO DOI: 10.70773/revistatopicos/779834173

ABSTRACT
Climate change-induced migrations have intensified in recent decades due to the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, disproportionately affecting socially vulnerable populations. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze climate change-induced migrations, emphasizing the governance challenges of destination territories and socioeconomic inclusion policies aimed at displaced populations. This is a qualitative research study, developed through literature review and document analysis, based on scientific articles, institutional reports, and national and international public policy documents. The results indicate that climate change acts predominantly as a catalyst for pre-existing socioeconomic and institutional vulnerabilities, and not as an isolated cause of migration. It was found that displacements occur mainly on an internal or regional scale, primarily directed towards urban areas, where cities play a central role in the management and reception of climate migrants. However, legal, institutional, and political gaps persist, such as the absence of a specific legal status for migrants induced by climate change and the fragmentation between climate, migration, and urban policies, which compromises the socioeconomic inclusion of these populations. It was concluded that addressing climate change-induced migration requires integrated, multilevel, and rights-oriented governance models capable of articulating climate adaptation, migration policies, and socioeconomic inclusion.
Keywords: Climate Adaptation; Governance; Socioeconomic Inclusion; Climate Migration; Climate Change.

RESUMO
As migrações induzidas pelas mudanças climáticas intensificaram-se nas últimas décadas em razão do aumento da frequência e da intensidade de eventos climáticos extremos, afetando de forma desproporcional populações socialmente vulneráveis. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as migrações induzidas pelas mudanças climáticas, enfatizando os desafios de governança dos territórios de destino e as políticas de inclusão socioeconômica voltadas às populações deslocadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de revisão de literatura e análise documental, com base em artigos científicos, relatórios institucionais e documentos de políticas públicas nacionais e internacionais. Os resultados indicam que as mudanças climáticas atuam predominantemente como um catalisador de vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e institucionais preexistentes, e não como uma causa isolada da migração. Verificou-se que os deslocamentos ocorrem principalmente em escala interna ou regional, direcionados sobretudo para áreas urbanas, nas quais as cidades desempenham papel central na gestão e acolhimento de migrantes climáticos. Entretanto, persistem lacunas jurídicas, institucionais e políticas, como a ausência de um status jurídico específico para migrantes induzidos pelas mudanças climáticas e a fragmentação entre políticas climáticas, migratórias e urbanas, o que compromete a inclusão socioeconômica dessas populações. Concluiu-se que o enfrentamento das migrações induzidas pelas mudanças climáticas requer modelos de governança integrados, multiníveis e orientados por direitos, capazes de articular adaptação climática, políticas migratórias e inclusão socioeconômica.
Palavras-chave: Adaptação Climática; Governança; Inclusão Socioeconômica; Migração Climática; Mudanças Climáticas.

INTRODUCTION

Over the last few decades, the intensification of extreme weather events has produced profound and disparate impacts on territories, livelihoods, and the survival strategies of populations, particularly in regions characterized by historical socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Phenomena such as prolonged droughts, recurrent flooding, sea-level rise, desertification, and severe storms have significantly altered the environmental conditions that sustain productive activities, food security, and access to basic services. Consequently, human mobility has emerged as an increasingly frequent response. In this context, climate-induced migration is no longer a future projection but a contemporary reality integrated into both internal and international migratory flows.

The specialized literature demonstrates that the nexus between climate change and migration is complex, multicausal, and deeply mediated by social, economic, political, and institutional factors. Climate rarely acts as the sole driver of displacement; rather, it operates as an underlying stressor that intensifies pre-existing inequalities and constrains the adaptive capacities of individuals and communities. Nevertheless, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events augment the pressure on exposed populations, contributing to forced displacement, temporary migration, circular mobility, and, in certain instances, processes of involuntary immobility. These movements tend to concentrate in urban areas, especially within the Global South, where cities serve as primary destinations-often lacking the infrastructure, resources, or institutional frameworks necessary to respond adequately to these dynamics.

Despite significant advancements in research regarding climate migration, critical gaps persist in the literature, particularly concerning the governance of destination territories and the socioeconomic inclusion strategies for climate-induced migrants. Much of the extant scholarship focuses on origin-side factors, the causal mechanisms of displacement, or the limitations of the international legal regime. Meanwhile, less attention is paid to how states, cities, and local governments organize institutional responses to integrate these populations into labor markets, social protection systems, and climate adaptation policies. Furthermore, an analytical fragmentation exists between the fields of climate policy, migration governance, and urban development, hindering the construction of integrated, rights-oriented approaches.

Another relevant gap concerns the predominance of securitized or humanitarian narratives that tend to represent climate migrants exclusively as vulnerable subjects or potential threats to social stability, thereby obscuring their role as active agents of adaptation, resilience, and socioeconomic transformation. This limited perspective contributes to the formulation of reactive, short-term, and non-inclusive policies at the expense of structural adaptation strategies that recognize human mobility as a legitimate component of climate change responses. Thus, it is necessary to deepen analyses that articulate climate migration, destination governance, and socioeconomic inclusion across different institutional scales and territorial contexts.

In light of this scenario, the present study aims to analyze how climate-induced migration challenges traditional models of migration governance and climate adaptation, focusing on the socioeconomic inclusion policies adopted in destination territories. By addressing this problem, this article intends to contribute to the academic debate and the formulation of public policy, offering an integrated analysis that recognizes climate migration not only as a challenge but also as a central element of contemporary climate change adaptation strategies.

Literature Review

The nexus between climate change and migration has been extensively debated in contemporary literature, yet it remains characterized by conceptual ambiguities and theoretical disputes. Scholars largely converge on the recognition that migration induced by extreme climate events does not constitute an autonomous category of mobility; rather, it is part of a broader suite of response strategies to contexts of socio-environmental vulnerability (TACOLI, 2011; GEMENNE, 2011). In this sense, climate acts as an underlying factor or catalyst, intensifying existing economic inequalities, institutional fragilities, and adaptive limitations.

Critical scholars of determinist approaches warn against narratives that attribute a direct and exclusive causal role to climate change in population displacement. Tacoli (2011) demonstrates that, in rural contexts of the Global South, mobility frequently assumes internal, temporary, or circular forms, functioning as a strategy for income diversification and adaptation to environmental variations. This perspective shifts the debate from viewing migration as an adaptive failure to recognizing it as a component of socioeconomic resilience.

Simultaneously, institutional studies and international reports acknowledge that, while multicausal, the intensification of extreme weather events has significantly increased the risks of forced displacement, particularly in coastal, semi-arid, and subsistence-agriculture-dependent regions (IOM; CAIRO UNIVERSITY, 2025; SVR, 2023). In these areas, the capacity for choice is often constrained, bringing migration closer to situations of structural coercion.

Recent literature has advanced the understanding of migration as part of a continuum between adaptation and vulnerability. Gemenne (2011) argues that mobility can reduce risks by alleviating environmental pressures and generating remittances; however, it can also produce new forms of vulnerability, especially in destination territories. This ambivalence reinforces the need for public policies that recognize migration as a structural phenomenon rather than an exception.

Empirical contributions broaden this debate by introducing the concept of climatic immobility. Appiah (2025) demonstrates that populations highly exposed to environmental risks do not always migrate, whether due to economic constraints, territorial ties, or a lack of social networks. Remaining in degraded areas, far from representing a free choice, frequently reveals severe limitations in adaptive capacity. Thus, both migration and immobility must be understood as socially conditioned responses to climate change.

Reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and multilateral organizations reinforce this perspective, highlighting that inadequate public policies can transform migration from an adaptive strategy into a driver of deepening poverty and food insecurity (SZABOOVA, 2023). In this regard, the absence of investment in local adaptation, social protection, and territorial planning increases the probability of forced and disorderly displacement.

In the legal-institutional field, the literature points to significant gaps in the protection of environmentally displaced persons. The 1951 Refugee Convention does not explicitly contemplate climate-induced migration, leaving these individuals in a zone of normative invisibility (LLAIN ARENILLA; HAWKINS RADA, 2020). Consequently, most climate migrants remain without a specific legal status or formal international protection mechanisms.

Regional studies indicate that free movement arrangements can function as indirect protection instruments. Amadi and Vundamina (2023) argue that, in the African context, regional mobility protocols offer pragmatic alternatives in the absence of a specific international legal regime. Nevertheless, such instruments remain limited and uneven in their implementation.

Reports from the European Parliament and the Expert Council on Integration and Migration (SVR) emphasize the need for multi-level governance that articulates migratory, climatic, and development policies (KRALER; KATSIAFICAS; WAGNER, 2020; SVR, 2023). Innovative proposals, such as climate visas and temporary residence instruments, emerge as alternatives to expand protection but still face political resistance and international coordination challenges.

A major recent advancement in the literature refers to the recognition of the central role of destination territories, particularly cities, in managing climate migration. Studies demonstrate that most displacement occurs within national borders or over short distances, directing populations toward urban areas already pressured by housing deficits, unemployment, and insufficient public services (SVR, 2023; UCLG et al., 2023).

Authors such as Serraglio et al. (2019) argue that cities should not be viewed merely as spaces of risk, but as strategic arenas for socioeconomic inclusion and climate adaptation. The New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer relevant normative frameworks, although they remain under-operationalized in the context of climate migration.

Experiences documented by the UCLG (2023) indicate that inclusive urban policies-such as access to labor, housing, health, and social participation-contribute to reducing vulnerabilities and strengthening the resilience of both migrants and host communities. However, the lack of adequate financing and institutional recognition limits the response capacity of local governments.

Recent approaches have incorporated a climate justice perspective into the debate on environmentally induced migration. Vigil et al. (2025) critique securitized narratives and advocate for policies centered on rights, equity, and intersectionality. This perspective highlights that climate migrants often belong to historically marginalized groups, being doubly affected by socioeconomic inequality and environmental impacts.

Health studies reinforce this analysis by demonstrating that climate migration is associated with increased health risks, including food insecurity, infectious diseases, psychological distress, and gender-based violence (BATISTA et al., 2024). The absence of intersectoral policies aggravates these impacts, especially in precarious urban contexts. Institutional reports emphasize that effective responses to climate migration require the integration of climate adaptation, migration policies, public health, and social development (IOM; CAIRO UNIVERSITY, 2025; STAPLETON et al., 2017). The fragmentation of these agendas compromises the ability to address a phenomenon that is, by nature, transversal.

Methodology

The present research is characterized by a qualitative design of an exploratory and analytical nature, grounded in a literature review and documentary analysis. This methodological choice is justified by the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation, which involves multiple dimensions-environmental, social, economic, legal, and institutional-that cannot be adequately captured through exclusively quantitative approaches.

As a qualitative study, priority is given to the critical interpretation of texts, documents, and secondary evidence, seeking to identify analytical patterns, theoretical convergences, and gaps in the literature. Although certain quantitative data present in the analyzed studies were considered for contextualization purposes, the primary focus of the research lies in the conceptual, normative, and institutional analysis of climate-induced migration.

The data sources utilized consist of secondary materials, selected based on criteria of thematic relevance, currency, and academic or institutional recognition. To this end, the following were analyzed:

• Scientific articles published in national and international journals specializing in migration, climate change, public policy, and governance;

• Institutional reports from international organizations and research centers, such as multilateral organizations, specialized councils, and research institutes;

• Public policy documents, guidelines, and normative frameworks related to migration, climate adaptation, sustainable development, and urban governance;

• Documentary case studies, specifically those addressing the role of cities and local governments in managing climate migration.

Searches were conducted in widely recognized international databases, such as scientific journal platforms and institutional repositories, using keywords related to "climate-induced migration," "migration governance," "climate adaptation," and "socioeconomic inclusion."

Data analysis was carried out through thematic content analysis, consistent with the qualitative approach. Initially, the selected documents underwent an exploratory reading to identify the core concepts, analytical categories, and methodological approaches adopted by the authors. Subsequently, an analytical reading was performed, during which content was organized into thematic axes, such as: drivers of climate migration, scales of governance, legal gaps, the role of cities, and socioeconomic inclusion strategies.

Additionally, analytical comparisons were made between different national and municipal contexts described in the literature to identify similarities and differences in institutional responses to climate-induced migration. These procedures enabled the construction of synthetic tables and interpretive charts, used to systematize findings and facilitate the visualization of recurring patterns identified in the analyzed studies.

The choice of a qualitative approach and literature review is justified by the need to systematize a research field that is still consolidating, marked by conceptual diversity and institutional fragmentation. By gathering and critically analyzing various theoretical and institutional perspectives, the adopted method allows for an understanding of not only the factors driving climate migration but also the policy responses and challenges faced in destination territories. Furthermore, this approach aligns with the study’s objectives, which do not aim to measure statistical causality but rather to deepen the understanding of the governance dynamics and socioeconomic inclusion associated with the phenomenon.

Regarding research limitations, it should be noted that the study relies exclusively on secondary sources and does not include primary empirical data collection, such as interviews with climate migrants or public officials. This limitation precludes a direct analysis of the perceptions and experiences of the subjects involved, restricting the investigation to what is documented in the existing literature. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the contexts analyzed in the reviewed studies may limit the generalizability of certain findings, as climate change impacts and institutional capacities vary significantly across different countries and cities.

Results

The results presented in this section derive from the integrated analysis of the theoretical, empirical, and institutional studies included in the literature review. Rather than producing statistical measurements, the analysis aims to identify recurring patterns, analytical convergences, and structural gaps in the scholarship on climate change–induced migration. In line with the methodological design of this study, the findings are interpretative and synthetic, reflecting dominant trends in the literature and the ways in which climate-induced migration has been conceptualized and governed across different contexts.

The first set of results concerns the main analytical dimensions mobilized by studies on climate-induced migration. The literature consistently treats climate-related mobility as a multidimensional phenomenon, combining environmental, socioeconomic, and institutional factors, although with varying degrees of emphasis.

Figure 1: Analytical dimensions addressed in studies on climate-induced migration

The results indicate that governance and public policy constitute the most frequently addressed dimension in recent studies, suggesting a shift away from purely environmental explanations toward analyses focused on institutional responses in origin and destination areas. Socioeconomic factors appear as the second most prominent dimension, reinforcing the understanding that climate change functions primarily as a catalyzing force rather than a single causal driver. Studies addressing slow-onset events, such as desertification and sea-level rise, outnumber those focused on sudden-onset disasters, reflecting growing concern with long-term structural transformations.

A second relevant finding relates to the scales of governance emphasized in the literature. The analysis sought to identify whether studies prioritize local, national, regional, or global levels when addressing climate-induced migration.

Figure 2: Analytical dimensions addressed in studies on climate-induced migration

The results show a clear predominance of the local level, particularly urban contexts, as the primary arena for managing climate-induced migration. This finding underscores the central role of cities as key destinations for climate migrants and as frontline actors in governance responses. By contrast, the global level appears less frequently and is largely associated with normative frameworks and institutional reports, highlighting a persistent gap between international commitments and effective territorial implementation.

Based on the systematic review of the selected studies, it was possible to consolidate the main challenges associated with climate change–induced migration, encompassing both origin and destination contexts.

Table 1: Main challenges associated with climate change–induced migration

Source: Research Data (2026)

Table 1 illustrates that the challenges faced by climate migrants are structural and interconnected, requiring responses that go beyond isolated policy interventions. The recurrence of institutional and legal barriers highlights the need for integrated governance frameworks capable of aligning migration management with climate adaptation and social inclusion strategies.

In addition to identifying challenges, the literature also documents a range of policy responses and practical strategies aimed at promoting the socioeconomic inclusion of climate-induced migrants, particularly at the local level.

Table 2: Socioeconomic inclusion strategies in destination areas

Source: Research Data (2026)

The strategies identified demonstrate that socioeconomic inclusion does not rely solely on formal migration policies but rather on cross-sectoral actions that recognize migrants as rights-bearing subjects and active agents of adaptation. However, the literature also indicates that such initiatives remain uneven, highly localized, and dependent on the institutional and financial capacities of local governments.

Overall, the results reveal that contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes climate change–induced migration as a structural and multicausal phenomenon, yet continues to exhibit significant gaps regarding the governance of destination territories. The centrality of cities, persistent institutional fragmentation, and unresolved legal ambiguities emerge as recurring themes. These findings reinforce the relevance of the present study and provide a solid analytical foundation for the discussion developed in the following section.

DISCUSSION

The findings obtained consistently corroborate the analyzed literature by demonstrating that climate-induced migrations constitute a structural, multicausal phenomenon deeply conditioned by socioeconomic and institutional factors. As noted by Tacoli (2011), climate change rarely acts as an isolated driver of population displacement; rather, it functions as a factor that intensifies pre-existing vulnerabilities, particularly in contexts marked by poverty, dependence on natural resources, and institutional fragility. In this sense, the predominance of governance and public policy dimensions observed in the results reinforces an analytical shift from direct environmental causality toward the analysis of institutional responses within territories of origin and destination.

The centrality of socioeconomic factors identified in the results converges with the argument of Gemenne (2011, p. 2), according to which migration can simultaneously reduce and produce vulnerabilities. The author asserts that "mobility can function as an adaptation strategy, but its benefits depend heavily on the institutional context in which it occurs." This finding dialogues with the results of this study, which demonstrate that, in the absence of inclusive policies, migration tends to result in precarious labor market insertion, residential informality, and social exclusion, especially in peripheral urban areas.

The results also reinforce the notion that the intensification of extreme weather events has expanded situations of structural coercion, limiting the choice capacity of affected populations. The institutional reports analyzed indicate that, in coastal, semi-arid, and subsistence-agriculture-dependent regions, migration frequently occurs as a response to the progressive deterioration of living conditions (IOM; CAIRO UNIVERSITY, 2025; SVR, 2023). As highlighted by the SVR (2023, p. 4), "climate acts as a meta-factor that exacerbates social inequalities and pressures already overburdened governance systems," which helps explain the concentration of displacements over short distances and the predominance of internal flows.

The emphasis on the local level, especially within cities, found strong support in the literature. Serraglio et al. (2019, p. 12) argue that urban spaces have become "central arenas for the reception, inclusion, and adaptation of populations displaced by environmental factors." This observation is further reinforced by data from the UCLG (2023), showing that local governments assume increasing responsibilities in managing climate migration-frequently without adequate financial resources, legal backing, or technical support. Thus, the results evidence a dissociation between the scale where impacts materialize and the institutional levels where decisions are made.

In the legal-institutional field, the results confirm the persistence of normative gaps in the protection of climate-induced migrants. Llain Arenilla and Hawkins Rada (2020, p. 6) highlight that the lack of specific legal recognition maintains these individuals in a state of invisibility, stating that "climate migration remains outside the classical frameworks of international refugee law." This finding dialogues directly with the challenges identified in Table 1, particularly regarding the absence of legal status and institutional fragmentation.

Although regional mobility arrangements represent specific advancements, as observed by Amadi and Vundamina (2023, p. 9) in the African context, the results indicate that such instruments remain limited in scope and implementation. According to the authors, "regional free movement mechanisms may offer indirect protection, but they do not substitute for a robust international legal regime." This reinforces the need for multi-level solutions that articulate migratory, climatic, and development policies, as advocated by Kraler, Katsiaficas, and Wagner (2020).

The findings related to socioeconomic inclusion strategies demonstrate that intersectoral policies are fundamental to transforming climate migration into an adaptive process. Experiences analyzed by the UCLG (2023) show that access to work, housing, health, and social participation contributes to reducing vulnerabilities and strengthening the resilience of both migrants and host communities. In this sense, the literature indicates that excluding these groups from climate adaptation plans compromises the effectiveness of public policies.

The incorporation of a climate justice perspective, highlighted by Vigil et al. (2025, p. 7), broadens the understanding of the phenomenon by revealing that climate migrants belong predominantly to historically marginalized groups. The authors assert that "rights-based responses are essential to prevent climate adaptation from reproducing structural inequalities." This approach dialogues with the results by showing that the governance of climate migration is not merely a technical issue but involves political and ethical choices regarding the distribution of risks and resources.

Finally, the health impacts discussed by Batista et al. (2024, p. 3) reinforce the transversal nature of climate-induced migration. The authors emphasize that "migratory processes associated with extreme climate events are linked to the aggravation of sanitary and psychosocial risks," highlighting the need for integration between climate adaptation policies, migration, and public health, as also defended by Stapleton et al. (2017).

In summary, the discussion of the results confirms that climate-induced migration must be understood as an integral part of contemporary adaptation strategies, requiring integrated, multi-level, and rights-oriented governance models. The findings reinforce the relevance of this study by demonstrating that the lack of institutional coordination and inclusive policies in destination territories constitutes one of the main obstacles to reducing vulnerabilities associated with climate mobility.

CONCLUSION

This study analyzed climate-induced migrations with a focus on governance challenges within destination territories and socioeconomic inclusion policies, demonstrating that climate mobility constitutes a structural and multicausal phenomenon intensified by pre-existing socioeconomic and institutional vulnerabilities. It was found that displacement occurs predominantly on an internal or regional scale, with a strong trajectory toward urban areas, where cities assume a central role in the management and reception of climate migrants.

The results indicated the persistence of legal and institutional gaps, particularly the absence of a specific legal status for climate-induced migrants, as well as a fragmentation between climate, migratory, and urban policies. Such limitations compromise socioeconomic inclusion and contribute to the precarious integration of these populations into destination territories. Conversely, the literature suggests that intersectoral, rights-oriented policies-focused on access to labor, housing, healthcare, and social participation-possess the greatest potential to transform climate migration into a viable adaptive strategy.

Therefore, it is concluded that addressing climate-induced migration requires integrated, multi-level governance models based on climate justice, recognizing human mobility as a legitimate component of adaptation and sustainable development strategies.

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